History of Editing Reference
In the early 1930's they used two machines called the Moviola and the Steenbeck flatbed editor that mainly became popular in the 1970's. These machines were used to cut up the video.
In November 2nd, 1936 the BBC began to transmit the worlds first public broadcast service, but it also had go to go off air during World War II
Then in 1948, 3 years after the war was over that the first commercial broadcast of television began in the united States and everyone caught on instantly.
In the 1950's people could now watch shows and news broadcasts from there own homes. These shows were all cut live in a TV studio and they would have there cameras hooked up to a switcher which would allow them to switch between the different camera angles and then the signals were send to other parts of the TV network as a broadcast, as everything has to be recorded live as there was no way to record it.
If you wanted to delay the broadcast for anywhere around the world and that was in a different time zone. In order to record television the networks used a device called a kinescope which is a film camera but its focused in on a video monitor, the process never really made any good image production.
In 1951 CBS and NBC had a coast to coast network which produced a show in New York at 8pm est kinescopes in Los Angeles which were 3 hours ahead of them which recorded a signal through the network, the film was rushed immediately into development and was shown less than 3 hours later in west coast pacific time, a process called Hot kinescope.
The demand for television was so great that by 1954 the TV networks were actually using more raw film stock in the kinescopes then all of hollywood film studios combined, spending more than $4000 per half hour, which in this day and age is worth $33,000. The networks were desperate for a cheaper alternative.
In 1956 after 5 years of hard work by engineers over coming a mired of herdels, Ampex released the first commercial available video tape recorder, a 2" quadraplex video tape. Sales of the first vide tape recorder went through the roof when the company showcased it at a video convention in April of 1956, sales were so strong that they had to take orders on napkins, CBS were the first to put it to use on a west coast delayed broadcast of Douglas Edward's and the news on November 30th 1956.
January 2nd, 1957 the NBC game show "Truth or Consequences" produced in hollywood became the first television program to be broadcasted in all time zones from a pre recorded tape.
In 1959 just a couple years after the introduction, video tape was almost fully accepted by the television industry. Tape played a very interesting role in a small cold war confrontation. At summer the US information agency set up a exhibit in Moscow to show off American progress in technology to the Russian's which included a model american home with a fully decked out kitchen.
Only July 24th 1959, Vice president, Richard nixon invited soviet premiere Nikita Khruschev to visit this display and Khrushev was fascinated by the television studio and joined nixon which was essentially a photo op in-front of the cameras and new video tape technology.
Both leaders agreed there exchange, there debate should be played in full in their own respective countries. Then Ampex International president Phil Gundy took the tape of them arguing and then wrapped it up in his shirt for his flight home to the united states. Before he got home though american newspapers reported that the exchange between them was so icy that it practically started World War III.
What viewers saw was two leaders just acting like politicians. This kitchen debate as it came to be known was a milestone in video tape proving the importance of the medium to world events. At this point, tape was only used for archive on our distribution purposes, it was possible to edit these early 2 inch quadraplex tape, it was a similar process to cutting film but extremely more cumbersome. First the tape had to be developed using very fine iron filings. They had to be lined in a specialised splicer that had to cut the tape exactly during the vertical retrace signal.
180 Degree Rule
Imagine a scene in which two characters are having a conversation, the one 180 degree rule simply states that you should draw a imaginary line in-between the two characters and the camera should always stay on one side of the line, the camera can move around in that area and get different shots but it should not cross the line, the goal is to keep each character looking in the same direction so it doesn't confuse the audience.
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