Accuracy
Accuracy is very important when it comes to Factual Programmes, it helps build a bond between you and the audience. If the audience cant trust the journalist, nor rely on the facts that he gives then he's not achieving with what he set out to do. It is the journalists job to not mislead the information that you have gathered. If the news that is given to the audience misleading or not accurate then they can be punished by OFCOM, OFCOM where the one who created TV guidelines for Television and Radio. journalists need to make sure that the news that they are sharing is correct.
Balance
It is also important to keep Balance in Factual Programmes in order to keep arguments fair on both sides. They have to be careful to not lose there audience, on that account they have to keep their stories balanced, the last thing a journalist wants to be and that's bias, you would have to keep equality of information especially in political subject. For a Programme to run well and correctly, it needs to have facts, trust and accurate information.
Impartiality
Impartiality is just simply being fair, not having to take sides and being fair minded about it. Its important because you want to make sure that both sides are being heard, you could push in your own opinion or make a judgement, but its important that you appear at your judgement impartiality.
This could also mean challenging your own assumptions, but you will have to weigh the argument by giving it balance and testing both strengths and weaknesses of both sides of the argument.
Objectively
This is all of the facts and proof to backup your opinion or story. Objectively is important in Factual Programmes because to be able to get your point across, you're going to need the facts and some proof that can backup your opinion.
Subjectively
This is more of your own opinion, feelings or thoughts, but with this its more just based of your own thoughts and opinion rather than the actual facts.
Biased
Bias means one sided. If you are one sided and don't even consider listening to the other side of the story or even try to balance the information then you will lose your audience and probably receive complaints.
Friday, 11 September 2015
Wednesday, 5 November 2014
Pre Production Editing Theory
History of Editing Reference
In the early 1930's they used two machines called the Moviola and the Steenbeck flatbed editor that mainly became popular in the 1970's. These machines were used to cut up the video.
In November 2nd, 1936 the BBC began to transmit the worlds first public broadcast service, but it also had go to go off air during World War II
Then in 1948, 3 years after the war was over that the first commercial broadcast of television began in the united States and everyone caught on instantly.
In the 1950's people could now watch shows and news broadcasts from there own homes. These shows were all cut live in a TV studio and they would have there cameras hooked up to a switcher which would allow them to switch between the different camera angles and then the signals were send to other parts of the TV network as a broadcast, as everything has to be recorded live as there was no way to record it.
If you wanted to delay the broadcast for anywhere around the world and that was in a different time zone. In order to record television the networks used a device called a kinescope which is a film camera but its focused in on a video monitor, the process never really made any good image production.
In 1951 CBS and NBC had a coast to coast network which produced a show in New York at 8pm est kinescopes in Los Angeles which were 3 hours ahead of them which recorded a signal through the network, the film was rushed immediately into development and was shown less than 3 hours later in west coast pacific time, a process called Hot kinescope.
The demand for television was so great that by 1954 the TV networks were actually using more raw film stock in the kinescopes then all of hollywood film studios combined, spending more than $4000 per half hour, which in this day and age is worth $33,000. The networks were desperate for a cheaper alternative.
In 1956 after 5 years of hard work by engineers over coming a mired of herdels, Ampex released the first commercial available video tape recorder, a 2" quadraplex video tape. Sales of the first vide tape recorder went through the roof when the company showcased it at a video convention in April of 1956, sales were so strong that they had to take orders on napkins, CBS were the first to put it to use on a west coast delayed broadcast of Douglas Edward's and the news on November 30th 1956.
January 2nd, 1957 the NBC game show "Truth or Consequences" produced in hollywood became the first television program to be broadcasted in all time zones from a pre recorded tape.
In 1959 just a couple years after the introduction, video tape was almost fully accepted by the television industry. Tape played a very interesting role in a small cold war confrontation. At summer the US information agency set up a exhibit in Moscow to show off American progress in technology to the Russian's which included a model american home with a fully decked out kitchen.
Only July 24th 1959, Vice president, Richard nixon invited soviet premiere Nikita Khruschev to visit this display and Khrushev was fascinated by the television studio and joined nixon which was essentially a photo op in-front of the cameras and new video tape technology.
Both leaders agreed there exchange, there debate should be played in full in their own respective countries. Then Ampex International president Phil Gundy took the tape of them arguing and then wrapped it up in his shirt for his flight home to the united states. Before he got home though american newspapers reported that the exchange between them was so icy that it practically started World War III.
What viewers saw was two leaders just acting like politicians. This kitchen debate as it came to be known was a milestone in video tape proving the importance of the medium to world events. At this point, tape was only used for archive on our distribution purposes, it was possible to edit these early 2 inch quadraplex tape, it was a similar process to cutting film but extremely more cumbersome. First the tape had to be developed using very fine iron filings. They had to be lined in a specialised splicer that had to cut the tape exactly during the vertical retrace signal.
180 Degree Rule
Imagine a scene in which two characters are having a conversation, the one 180 degree rule simply states that you should draw a imaginary line in-between the two characters and the camera should always stay on one side of the line, the camera can move around in that area and get different shots but it should not cross the line, the goal is to keep each character looking in the same direction so it doesn't confuse the audience.
In the early 1930's they used two machines called the Moviola and the Steenbeck flatbed editor that mainly became popular in the 1970's. These machines were used to cut up the video.
In November 2nd, 1936 the BBC began to transmit the worlds first public broadcast service, but it also had go to go off air during World War II
Then in 1948, 3 years after the war was over that the first commercial broadcast of television began in the united States and everyone caught on instantly.
In the 1950's people could now watch shows and news broadcasts from there own homes. These shows were all cut live in a TV studio and they would have there cameras hooked up to a switcher which would allow them to switch between the different camera angles and then the signals were send to other parts of the TV network as a broadcast, as everything has to be recorded live as there was no way to record it.
If you wanted to delay the broadcast for anywhere around the world and that was in a different time zone. In order to record television the networks used a device called a kinescope which is a film camera but its focused in on a video monitor, the process never really made any good image production.
In 1951 CBS and NBC had a coast to coast network which produced a show in New York at 8pm est kinescopes in Los Angeles which were 3 hours ahead of them which recorded a signal through the network, the film was rushed immediately into development and was shown less than 3 hours later in west coast pacific time, a process called Hot kinescope.
The demand for television was so great that by 1954 the TV networks were actually using more raw film stock in the kinescopes then all of hollywood film studios combined, spending more than $4000 per half hour, which in this day and age is worth $33,000. The networks were desperate for a cheaper alternative.
In 1956 after 5 years of hard work by engineers over coming a mired of herdels, Ampex released the first commercial available video tape recorder, a 2" quadraplex video tape. Sales of the first vide tape recorder went through the roof when the company showcased it at a video convention in April of 1956, sales were so strong that they had to take orders on napkins, CBS were the first to put it to use on a west coast delayed broadcast of Douglas Edward's and the news on November 30th 1956.
January 2nd, 1957 the NBC game show "Truth or Consequences" produced in hollywood became the first television program to be broadcasted in all time zones from a pre recorded tape.
In 1959 just a couple years after the introduction, video tape was almost fully accepted by the television industry. Tape played a very interesting role in a small cold war confrontation. At summer the US information agency set up a exhibit in Moscow to show off American progress in technology to the Russian's which included a model american home with a fully decked out kitchen.
Only July 24th 1959, Vice president, Richard nixon invited soviet premiere Nikita Khruschev to visit this display and Khrushev was fascinated by the television studio and joined nixon which was essentially a photo op in-front of the cameras and new video tape technology.
Both leaders agreed there exchange, there debate should be played in full in their own respective countries. Then Ampex International president Phil Gundy took the tape of them arguing and then wrapped it up in his shirt for his flight home to the united states. Before he got home though american newspapers reported that the exchange between them was so icy that it practically started World War III.
What viewers saw was two leaders just acting like politicians. This kitchen debate as it came to be known was a milestone in video tape proving the importance of the medium to world events. At this point, tape was only used for archive on our distribution purposes, it was possible to edit these early 2 inch quadraplex tape, it was a similar process to cutting film but extremely more cumbersome. First the tape had to be developed using very fine iron filings. They had to be lined in a specialised splicer that had to cut the tape exactly during the vertical retrace signal.
180 Degree Rule
Imagine a scene in which two characters are having a conversation, the one 180 degree rule simply states that you should draw a imaginary line in-between the two characters and the camera should always stay on one side of the line, the camera can move around in that area and get different shots but it should not cross the line, the goal is to keep each character looking in the same direction so it doesn't confuse the audience.
Tuesday, 4 November 2014
Pre Production Theory
Film Script
Film scripts tell the story of the movie, it tells characters, describes each character and how old they are, also tells you whats going on in each individual scene, shows the characters lines if they have any. The best and most used software that i have seen and also use is Adobe Story, you can just simply go on Google and type in Adobe Story Free and you just have to register and you can use it, you can get Adobe Story Plus but you have to pay for that.
Adobe Story is used to write scripts, as you can see below there is an example of a script i did for a exercise. When you're writing a script, the first time you meet a new character you always have there name in capitals "TED" and then every time after that you do it normally "Ted"
for example:
In this example it tells you what types of things that you would need in a script. In this example it has dialogue, which is people talking and just beside it, it says (V.O) for voice over which is telling you it will be voiced over, each individual cast member will get a script to go over there lines and learn them. When you start of a script, you always need to add a Slug Line, which is shown at the top left of the example. It means to tell where it is and what time of day this scene will be set in so if it was indoors, inside a shop and noon you would put INT: SHOP - NOON.
If you were filming outside you would put EXT: SHOP - NOON.
Next you would write the actions of the characters and the description of whats going on within in that scene.
Film Insurance
Every film production in the UK has to be insured. If you have a insurance policy in your country of origin, you need to make sure that it covers filming in the UK.
Each production of each film carry many different risks, the different types of films will vary to types of insurance the film needs. You will need to make sure you have proof of your insurance with your contact details, for example: If you're going to shoot a film and you leave your equipment outside, and then it starts to rain and all of your equipment gets soaked and broken and if you don't have any insurance then you wont be covered on all of the equipment.
Different types of insurance:
- " Employers’ liability insurance – a legal requirement. It insures employees in the event of bodily injury, disease or death arising out of their work and must be referred to in an employee’s contract. "
- " Public liability insurance – cover for your production in respect of injury or property damage caused by the production’s activities. It is usual to have cover up to £5 million. "
- " Negative insurance – protects against additional production costs incurred through the damage or loss of stock. "
- " Errors and omissions insurance – covers a producer in the event that a production is sued for libel, slander, breach of copyright, invasion of privacy, unauthorised use of trademarks and slogans. "
- " Props and sets insurance – particularly important if you are filming in an historic building or hiring props and vehicles. "
- " Hired equipment insurance – required if you hire any equipment. Without it, you will be expected to pay for a policy arranged by the hire company. "
http://www.britishfilmcommission.org.uk/tv-production/entering-the-uk/film-insurance/
Storyboards
The squares act as the video frame and each square will be each scene or a different shot that will take place.
You can either draw, use a computer or take photographs and place them in each square so they act as your scene or shot. As you can see in the image, to the right of the boxes there are 4 lines which say Action: to explain what is going on in that scene or shot, Dialog: If any of the characters talk within the scene/shot. Translation: would be to read and understand what is going on within each scene/shot and Slug: States numerous things within each storyboard, mainly as the scene heading.
Beneath or to the side of each picture you need to write down any lines of the script that will be used for that scene, and also what will be happening within that scene. Whoever looks at your storyboard should be able to read it and should be able to understand it and what's going on in it. Your storyboard doesn't have to be the most perfect drawings, they just have to be noticeable and to provide enough detail to give a impression of what's going on and which characters are in the scene.
As you're planning each of your shots/scenes, take in consideration that its not only the movement, composition and the perspective of each shot/scene but the connection between each one will help tell and explain the story more.
In this example of a story board you can see in each frame how detailed he's made his shots, it might not be the most perfect drawing but it provides enough detail to know whats going on. Under each scene he has written where each scene is and also he's put which camera shots he is going to use for each one.
Script Breakdown
When it comes down to a script breakdown, there a multiple things to consider. You can either breakdown your script on the computer or if you prefer to do it on a printed copy then do it that way. Make sure that you print out the latest version of the script, its really important that you make sure you're working on the latest script. Make sure that you read the script, you need to make sure that you're familiar with it and the story and that'll make it less likely that you will miss anything. On script breakdown, it is easier to colour code it it makes it much more simple and makes sure that you have everything that you need on it. The colour's that you will need to mark everything in is Red, Yellow, Green, Orange, Blue, Brown, Pink and Black. Within the Script Breakdown you will need to mark off everything which includes the Cast, Extras for silent roles, the atmosphere, stunts, special effects, sound effects/music, vehicles & animals, Props, Wardrobe, Makeup & Hair and Special Equipment. 
When you're colour coding your Script Breakdown, you would colour in the Cast - Speaking Roles in Red, Extras - Silent Roles in Yellow, Extra - Atmosphere in Green, Stunts in Orange, Special Effects in Blue, Sound Effects/Music in Brown, Vehicles & Animals in Pink, Props in Purple, and the Wardrobe, Makeup & Hair and Special Equipment you would mark in Black or you would circle, asterisk or draw a box around them. Legal Considerations:
Creative Commons
Creative commons is a non profit organization that allows the sharing and use of creativity. Its a easy to use copyright licenses and provides a simple way to give the public and you permission to use your work or anyone's work that has Creative Commons.
Copyright
Copyright is a legal right created by the Law of the country, it grants the user of there original work and it gives the exclusive rights to its distribution. If anything is copyright, no one can use and take there work unless they have permission by the owner and if they allow them to use it. Copyright within film lasts 70 Years, say someone owned a character, and they died in 1920 in 1990 that sed character would go into the public domain which makes it available for everyone to use.
Public Domain
Public Domain is where peoples property rights are expired and they go into the Public Domain so anyone can take them and use it for there own use to make a TV series or there own Movie. example: Sherlock Holmes was created by Arthur Conan Doyle died in 1930 and the expiration date on all copyright lasts 70 years, thats why 70 years later from his death, people got this from the public domain and went on to create Sherlock Holmes TV series and also Sherlock Holmes movies.
Clearances
Each individual area's of your film such as music, actors and script, need a clearance before you can screen your film to the public. This generally involves getting written clearances from all participants of the pre production and production process, its a lot easier to get these clearances now than to get them after the film is complete. It may be difficult to go back and clear everything and it may cost you.
Clearances are important because you will not be able to release your film without them. If you need a cast and you hire some actors, you will not be able to film them until they sign a clearance form. Its a sheet that is between the director and the actors and its them agreeing and allowing them to be filmed.
for example:
Say if you want to film in a restaurant or a food business, you would need a clearance by that business which is allowing you to film inside there. Also anyone that is in your video and they're recognisable, they should be released. The safest thing to do is release everyone that will be in your video. If you're releasing a minor, not only them will have to sign for it but also their parent or guardian will also have to sign it.
A location should be released for every location that you film at. Certain places may need a permit and they should be obtained before the release is signed.
This was very helpful.
Budget
In the film industry, there are many types of budgets for a film, especially for the smaller companies. One of the largest film companies are Universal. Three of its releases reached box office records with all of them each becoming the highest grossed film of all time on their initial release. Jaws (1975) E.T. The Extra Terrestrial (1982) and Jurassic Park (1993) All of which where directed by Steven Spielberg.
Roughly the average film budget is $25 Million, but there has been many times that someone has made a film with $10,000 and there film has became so successful it has made millions; example:
Paranormal Activity: Directed, produced, written and edited by Oren Peli
The budget for this film was $15,000 and in box office it made $193,355,800. it even shows how someone who no one has ever heard of and someone with so little of money can make such a big movie.
You will need a budget to make a movie to pay for all of the equipment that you will need, actors, crew, lighting, props, and wardrobe & make-up. You will need to pay for everything that will be included in your film.
This helped. Here
Risk Assessment
You always need a risk assessment for filming. It is required by law. It covers you and or anyone who has an injury on set.
Risk Assessments are needed because it is to keep everyone safe on set. You would write down all the risks that could occur during filming or on the set. Say you have a race scene, you would write down each risk that could happen during that scene, so a crash, car flipping, crashing into each other and you would write down the likelihood that it would happen and the severity on how bad the accident could be.
You will need a Risk Assessment on each scene that you do, see what the risks are and also write down what you could/will do to prevent them from happening. If you do not have a risk assessment in place when filming a scene and someone gets injured and you do not have any proof or record of a risk assessment sheet within that scene then things could get really bad for you.
Creative Commons
Creative commons is a non profit organization that allows the sharing and use of creativity. Its a easy to use copyright licenses and provides a simple way to give the public and you permission to use your work or anyone's work that has Creative Commons.
Copyright
Copyright is a legal right created by the Law of the country, it grants the user of there original work and it gives the exclusive rights to its distribution. If anything is copyright, no one can use and take there work unless they have permission by the owner and if they allow them to use it. Copyright within film lasts 70 Years, say someone owned a character, and they died in 1920 in 1990 that sed character would go into the public domain which makes it available for everyone to use.
- In some cases extensions beyond the 70 years are in place and sometimes the count starts when the film was digitised -the digitised film files having their own copyright - or at least licensed conditions of use.
- Most professional films are made by groups of people and there are often a number of copyright owners – scriptwriters, director, music – as well as performance rights for actors and musicians.
- "Copyright infringement" has been a major issue for the motion picture industry – first with 'pirating' cheap video and DVD copies and more recently with internet 'sharing'.
Public Domain
Public Domain is where peoples property rights are expired and they go into the Public Domain so anyone can take them and use it for there own use to make a TV series or there own Movie. example: Sherlock Holmes was created by Arthur Conan Doyle died in 1930 and the expiration date on all copyright lasts 70 years, thats why 70 years later from his death, people got this from the public domain and went on to create Sherlock Holmes TV series and also Sherlock Holmes movies.
Clearances
Each individual area's of your film such as music, actors and script, need a clearance before you can screen your film to the public. This generally involves getting written clearances from all participants of the pre production and production process, its a lot easier to get these clearances now than to get them after the film is complete. It may be difficult to go back and clear everything and it may cost you.
Clearances are important because you will not be able to release your film without them. If you need a cast and you hire some actors, you will not be able to film them until they sign a clearance form. Its a sheet that is between the director and the actors and its them agreeing and allowing them to be filmed.
for example:
Say if you want to film in a restaurant or a food business, you would need a clearance by that business which is allowing you to film inside there. Also anyone that is in your video and they're recognisable, they should be released. The safest thing to do is release everyone that will be in your video. If you're releasing a minor, not only them will have to sign for it but also their parent or guardian will also have to sign it.
A location should be released for every location that you film at. Certain places may need a permit and they should be obtained before the release is signed.
This was very helpful.
Budget
In the film industry, there are many types of budgets for a film, especially for the smaller companies. One of the largest film companies are Universal. Three of its releases reached box office records with all of them each becoming the highest grossed film of all time on their initial release. Jaws (1975) E.T. The Extra Terrestrial (1982) and Jurassic Park (1993) All of which where directed by Steven Spielberg.Roughly the average film budget is $25 Million, but there has been many times that someone has made a film with $10,000 and there film has became so successful it has made millions; example:
Paranormal Activity: Directed, produced, written and edited by Oren Peli
The budget for this film was $15,000 and in box office it made $193,355,800. it even shows how someone who no one has ever heard of and someone with so little of money can make such a big movie.
You will need a budget to make a movie to pay for all of the equipment that you will need, actors, crew, lighting, props, and wardrobe & make-up. You will need to pay for everything that will be included in your film.
This helped. Here
Risk Assessment
You always need a risk assessment for filming. It is required by law. It covers you and or anyone who has an injury on set.
Risk Assessments are needed because it is to keep everyone safe on set. You would write down all the risks that could occur during filming or on the set. Say you have a race scene, you would write down each risk that could happen during that scene, so a crash, car flipping, crashing into each other and you would write down the likelihood that it would happen and the severity on how bad the accident could be.
You will need a Risk Assessment on each scene that you do, see what the risks are and also write down what you could/will do to prevent them from happening. If you do not have a risk assessment in place when filming a scene and someone gets injured and you do not have any proof or record of a risk assessment sheet within that scene then things could get really bad for you.
Tuesday, 7 October 2014
Notes & Research
Born: April 9th, 1830 - Kingston upon Thames
Died: May 8th, 1904 - Kingston upon Thames
He was an English photographer, very important for his pioneering work in photographic motion.
In England he took up professional photography, learning the wet plate collodion.
He was hired by a business man named Leland Stanford, race horse owner and also the former governor of California in 1872 for some photographic studies.
He had taken position and studied on a popular debate whether all four feet on a horse leave the ground, at the same time when its running.
Stanford also wanted a study of the horse gallop, Muybridge planned to take a series of photos on the 15th June, 1878 at Stanford's Palo Alto Stock Farm, which is now the campus of Stanford University. He placed numerous amounts of glass-plate cameras along the edge of the race track, each shutter was triggered by a thread as the horse passed.
- Born: February 11, 1847, Milan, Ohio, United States
- Died: October 18, 1931, West Orange, New Jersey, United States
- Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman.
- He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.
Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park"
He had a widespread impact of his inventions, : electric light and power utilities, sound recording, and motion pictures all established major new industries world-wide.
Edison's major innovation was the first industrial research lab, which was built in Menlo Park, a part of Raritan Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey (today named Edison in his honor).
Photograph of Edison with his phonograph (2nd model), taken in Mathew Brady's Washington, DC studio in April 1878.
Steenbeck
Steenbeck is a brand name that has become synonymous with a type of flatbed film editing suite which is usable with both 16 mm and 35 mm optical sound and magnetic sound film.
Despite the move away from physical film stock – much editing is now based on digital media.
Iwan Serrier
Moviola
Lummiere Brothers
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